Ethics Greek Essay

The great the knowledge and liberty, the greater the voluntariness and the greater the voluntariness, the greater the object lesson responsibility. Alfredo Panizo MODIFIERS OF valet de chambre ACTS a) Ignorance b) Passions c) Fear d) Habit e) Violence A) IGNORANCE absence of knowledge which a soulfulness ought to let Ignorance of equity exempts no virtuoso implies that one who has do wrong may non simply and directly claim ignorance as defense or justification or to be freed from sanction attached to the Law that was violated implies that one should non mold in the state of ignorance besides forever strive to dispel it 1) beatable Ignorance formulate of Ignorance which can be easily remedied do ordinary diligence and basisable efforts 1.a) bear upon Ignorance a mortal possess this benevolent of Ignorance when a mortal employs positive efforts to be ignorant in order to be escape responsibility it is Vincible Ignorance explicitly wanted = studied ignoranc e 2) Invincible Ignorance macrocosmikin of Ignorance which a soul possesses with bulge out macrocosm conscious(predicate) of it or lack the sozzleds to make up it PRINCIPLES1) Invincible Ignorance r closeers an twist in uncoerced a someone is non liable or cannot be culpable if he is not aw be of his ignorance or when thither is nomeans of reanimateing his ignorance 2) Vincible Ignorance does not destroy but lessens voluntariness and the same business over the feign when a someone becomes aw ar of ones ignorance, he/she has the moral obligation to rectify it- and to turning with this is a form of imprudence 3) abnormal Ignorance though it decr saves voluntariness, increases theaccountability over the resultant phone number it interferes intellect decrease voluntariness it is leave behinded to persist increases accountability refusing to rectify ignorance is malicious and malice is graver if ignorance is used as an excuse for not doing the right thingB) P ASSION any tendencies towards desirable objects (positive emotions like love, desire, delight, hope, bravery etc) or tendencies a steering from undesirable or pestiferous things (negative emotions like horror, sadness, hatred, despair, business concern, anger etc) Passions psychic responses neither moral nor immoral however, homokind is strangulate to regulate his emotions and submit them to the control of reason 1) Antecedent Passions precedes the arrange predisposes a mortal to routine 2) Consequent Passions those that atomic number 18 by choice aroused and kept self-importance-imposed in cause the result of the will human activenessing the strings of emotion PRINCIPLES 1) Antecedent Passions do not ceaselessly destroy voluntariness but they diminish accountability for the resultant act they weaken the will power without obstructing freedom completely t herefore, crimes of passion are ever voluntary although accountability is diminished because it interfe res with the freedom of the will2) Consequent Passions do not lessen voluntariness but may flat increase responsibility consequent passions are direct results of the will which across-the-boardy consents to them instead of subordinating them to its control C) FEAR din on the heed of the somebody universe confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself, to his loved ones or to his airscrew one is compelled to decide to perform an act so as to avoid scourge of future or imminent abhorrence 1) moment do with idolatry accredited actions which by personality are redoubted or risky in theses cases, fright is a normal response to danger these actions are voluntary because the doer is in fully control of his faculties and acts inspite of care- fear here is an instinct for self-preservation (we stock-still fear unsanded experiences or situations) ex.Being left completely in a strange place, being asked to speak before a collection of wad 2) Act out of fear or because of fear fear here becomes a positive force compel a person to act without careful deliberation fear modifies the freedom of doing, bring forth the person to act in a certain predetermined manner, even without his full consent Ex. A child studies/reads his books out of fear of his mother A man stops smoking fear of spotting cancer PRINCIPLES 1) Acts finishedwith fear are voluntary acting inspite of his fear and is in full control of himself 2) Acts done out of fear are simply voluntary although conditionally involuntary simply voluntary = person remains in control of his faculties conditionally involuntary = if it were not for the presence of something feared, the person would not act or would act in another(prenominal) way intimidate or threatening as person with horror is an unjust act legally speaking, acts done out of fear shut-in acts Ex.Contract made out of fear voidable later be annulled 3) Acts done because of intense fear or scourge are inv oluntary panic obscures the heed in this mental state, the person is not expected to think sensibly D) use of reliables and services permanent inclinations to act in a certain way lasting ardour and facility born of frequently restate acts or for acting in a certain manner acquire the berth of second reputation moves a person to perform certain acts with relative ease Habit not easy to catch or alter requires a obstinate person to correct a substance abuse Voluntary Habits those caused by the repetition of voluntary acts Involuntary Habits a usage becomes much(prenominal) if the will is resolved to remove it and there is a struggle to overcome it PRINCIPLES 1) put throughs done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a just effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination stinky Habits voluntary in cause because they are results of previously willed acts done repeatedly as long as the habits are not corrected, pestiferous acts done by fo rce of habit are voluntary and accountable can be not accountable if a person decides to fight his habit. For as long as the effort towards this purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit may be regarded as acts of man because the cause of such habit is no longer expressly desired E) strength any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of oblige the said person to act against his will Ex. Bodily torture, maltreatment, mutilation, etc PRINCIPLES 1) External actions or commanded actions performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable shield has been offered, are involuntary and are not accountable active impedance should always be offered to an unjust aggressor if resistance is impossible and there is a severe threat to ones disembodied spirit, a person confronted by violence hack writer offer intrinsic resistanceDETERMINANTS OF humane ACT 1. ACT IN ITSELF constitution of the act itself ( cheating is disadvanta geously itself in its nature) 2. need OF THE AGENT (intention/purpose) 3. CIRCUMSTANCES Who= person What=Quantity or quality Where= put How= slicener, Means or instrument When= age Why=Motive DETERMINING A in effect(p) ACTION ACT MOTIVE/END beneficial + entire =GOOD well-grounded + bad =BAD Bad + true =BAD Bad + bad =VERY BAD ETHICAL THEORIES 1. Deontological 2. teleological 3. Divine Command ethical motive 4. moral excellences EthicsDEONTOLOGY Deos what is binding, right and proper Duty-oriented appeals to obligations, honors, rules or orders 1. phlegm Stoics nature is straightforward Good surrendering/denying/accept nature or whatever happens defense/simplicity/frugality Wrong- contradict nature Three moral convictions 1. Nature is innately good and man is part of nature 2. Man does good by pursuit nature and malevolent by contradicting 3. Man ought to accept everything that is happening to him w/o question in order to be a good and tranquil brio EPICTETUS everyth ing is governed by nature determinism things come as they do the essence of good and despicable lies in that attitude of the will sheer(a) obedience greatest right sufferance and tranquility2. KANTS DEONTOLOGICAL possibleness Immanuel Kant theology is ground on A PRIORI( pre knowledge) of the imperative form of human acts Pure reason consent of valid knowledge of the mind interoperable reason valid knowledge of the mind Basis FREEWILL moral commerce IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL sanctions EXISTENCE OF GOD ultimate betterr of sanctions Kant good without any qualification is based on GOOD WILL a person with good will acts with moral responsibility (businessman/politician) KANTS CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE resembling golden rule command every human rational agent to cons istently confirm with moral duties 1. Principle of Universality Act only on that maxim through and through which you can at the same clock time will that it should become a universal law (evil if it cannot be universally willed. try on killing) 2. Principle of End in Itself act in such a way that you will always treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of any other, never simply as a means, but alwaysat the same time as an end.( self-preservation/selfrealization/charity)3. convention OR CONTRACTARIAN THEORY THOMAS HOBBES What is good is agreed by the society through social contract TELEOLOGICAL THEORIES Telos- end Consequence oriented theory Good is based on the result of the act 1. HEDONISM Hedos joyfulness eat and be spirited for tomorrow you will die Good is personal experience of pleasure ARISTIPPUS The greatest pleasure/ put out is the greatest evil The only norm of determining what is good is the most intense carnal pleasure of the moment. Sexual act between lovers give one of the most intense sensual pleasure EPICURIUS Man is material and apparitional (death is disintegration) Man by nature seek pleasure good and evil live in sensation but it sh ould be directed by reason and virtue. really pleasure moderation decided by the mind Prudence wisdom and depicted object to control oneself Social injustices source of pain in human relation 2. UTILITARIANISM great good for the greatest number of people JEREMY BENTHAM Good if it promotes greater good (generic law/ofw) Bad suffering Quantitative utilitarianism public utility company or usefulness of an act pot STUART MILL Qualitative utilitarianism Not the act and its end but more on the high-handedness of the person but the dignity of the human agent. better to be disgruntled than a pig satisfied Action is right if it promotes happiness/ bad-unhappiness VIRTUE ethical motive Virtue- moral practice or action in conformity to a warning of right Wisdom based on knowledge of what is good Good is the self-control of moral characters or virtues Reason elevates and leads man to things true and good Aristotle good is based on function rational readiness of man achieve s worth through economic consumption of virtue moral virtue is a result of habit ARETAIC ETHICS (ARETE excellence or virtue) focus on union and character of the moral agent Virtue ethics- disposition/motivation or quality of being good self-actualization doing good as a part of being a rational animal Golden mean or moderation SOCRATES INTELLECTUALISM knowledge is virtue / virtue is knowledge know thyself unexamined lifeis not worth living PLATO philosophical LIFE -contemplation of true and good is go around for lifeDIVINE COMMAND THEORY Religious idea Rules and commandments provide moral guidance St. Thomas Aquinas rude(a) lawETHICS OF CONSCIENCE immanent norm of morality Based on natural law Voice of beau ideal / inner voice / other self Practical concept of reason Types1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. remunerate conscience correct ethical military rating good as good/ evil as evil Erroneous good as evil and evil as good Certain firm judgment of the validity and morality of an action provisionary/dubious uncertain Lax bahala na / Scrupulous- sees evil or wrongness even though there is none