Media and Moral Panic

Media is the main revenue of mass communication. The media plays a variety of roles in society; its main responsibility is that of providing information. As constant consumers and users of this information the relevance to the majority of members in the wider community inclusive of teachers and students is critical. The media positions us as the audience to take a particular viewpoint of a topic, issue or problem that is evident in our society.To what extent though does this role as information provider influence moral panic? Moral panic refers to the exaggerated social response to media coverage of a sporadic episode that consequently turns it into a widespread issue and causes colossal concern in society (Cohen, 1987). The media has a tendency to manipulate people by amplifying the facts and truths and using multiple camera techniques to surround a group/individual and outcast them in society, thus labeling them the ‘other’. Othering’ is closely linked to discri mination as it consists of the â€Å"objectification of another person or group† which puts aside and ignores the complexity and subjectivity of the individual/s. Teachers and students must construct their own knowledge about media coverage and understand that at times the media amplifies issues of concern by stereotyping and excluding particular members of society. A certain structure exists in society, if groups/individuals step outside of the boundaries, society categorises them as ‘others’ and excludes them from the majority.After this occurrence there are two options that exist; to either accept the exclusion or conform to societal norms and return to the inclusion. It is vital to understand the effect that bullying, discrimination and the mass media have on these groups/individuals and realise that some students in your classroom may fall under these categories. Therefore it is in our power as teachers, to inform and position students to be critically liter ate consumers of the media, to ensure they are able to bestow a critical perspective towards texts.Due to the fact that the media plays a massive role in students’ everyday lives in the 21st century it is vital that educators engage students in pedagogical experiences that teach them to become critically literate readers. Students could start by developing an understanding of the indicators of moral panic which are: 1. Concern – the issue is at a sensitive level and affects one’s feelings on a personal level. 2. Hostility – increased level of antagonism towards those involved in the threat or panic. 3. Consensus – a general agreement among society that a threat actually exists. . Disproportionality – the problem is exaggerated and amplified to create public concern. 5. Volatility – erupts suddenly and almost as quickly then subsides or disappears. (Goode & Ben-Yehuda, 1994). Developing an understanding of these indicators gives studen ts a solid foundation to be able to critically analyse the texts they observe and hear to make an informed decision about the information they are receiving. Students must also have an understanding of the indicators of Disproportionality so they are able to critically analyse the texts they are viewing.They must be able to identify when figures are exaggerated, figures are fabricated altogether, where there are other harmful conditions in society but they are not getting mass coverage and the changes over time (Critcher, 2006). It can have a detrimental effect in students understanding if they are not presented the tools to be critical readers of texts. In conclusion, it is completely important and relevant to teachers and their students to have a critical understanding of the relationship between the media and moral panic because†¦.

Wildejade!!!!

In spite f these attributes belonging to an animal, as a human, I consider these attributes significant to my being. I am constantly moving, to move on in my life, hoping to overcome events and face obstacles that are inevitably coming my way. These events that will make me happy, sad and even experience pain; it is something that I expect myself to encounter – Just as a wildebeest would expect as well. What we bring ourselves is pain but it gives us pleasure. My mind and body is as strong as the antlers on the wildebeest, which protect themselves from any dangers.We will always be moving forward no matter the circumstances. One can say, â€Å"l was alone in the crowd,† but that will never be given to express the life of a wildebeest and myself. We are constantly in a crowd or in a wildebeest's case, a heard. We are never alone, or feel alone. We are protective over the ones we love and together as a group, we choose the path that is the best choice. I always have peopl e around me – my friends and especially my family. I am supported and loved all the time. My dad would probably be the leader of the herd.The leader is generally the one that helps dudes his herd into the right direction and give teachings so their child can learn more. In my life, he supports me the most, he is always behind me – helping me obtain my goals and dreams. Furthermore, he will protect me from any dangers because I am his calf. I am standing in the meadows. I could feel the sun beating down on me and the wind rushing past me as it entangles in my hair. The grass is dancing in the wind, the sky is as blue as the ocean and the air is fresh. It smells like freshly born flowers from the early spring.In the distance, a steady beat of a drum an be heard. Overlooking the meadows, I can see dark moving figures come towards me and as they slowly came forward, I could make out the image. There before me, a herd of wildebeests that makes the earth shake and the ground lift up from the crust. In Just seconds, the herd past by me in a quick motion, creating a gust of wind to run by me and I examine them carefully without fear. They were strong, with built bodies, sturdy hooves and determined faces. I look at the baby calves who are trying to catch up to the adults with all their might.They could not run slowly. In a matter of seconds all the hooves of the wild animals are all in sync. The baby calves became strong and fast and matched the rhythm of the adult wildebeests. They have that same look as the adults, fierce and driven. I watch the herd as I see them slowly fading away into the horizon, continuing to move on without hesitation. I am the baby calf. I was Just born and welcomed into this world, a world where I have the ability to learn fast and absorb my surroundings. In other words, I would Jump the gun to do anything to reach my goal.Every day, I constantly pick up information from the people and things around me. I feed on what is happen ing all around my community, Just as a wildebeest would feed on the grass that is their land. Though humans and animals seem like two very different things, they are Just as similar as cats and dogs. To conclude, the attributes of a wildebeest is alike to myself because of we persevere through the challenges, we are protective and we are fast learners. In any situation, I will not give up; I will work hard until I have reached my goal – that is a promise.

One of the key questions managers may ask themselves is whether to Essay

One of the key questions managers may ask themselves is whether to make or buy their products and services. explain the relative - Essay Example As a result of this, the phenomenon of outsourcing emerged under which organizations decided to outsource some or all of their production and service functions in order to concentrate and focus on their core competencies. Most of companies either completely or partially outsourced their production and service function to other countries such as China and India in order to take advantage of cheap raw material and labor force. (Woodall et al, 2009) Opposite decision of outsourcing is the decision of insourcing wherein organizations attempt to produce themselves or provide the services through their own resources. Thus the decision to either outsource or insource depends upon different factors which combine together to allow organizations to decide as to which course of action to take. (Willcocks, 2010) This paper will provide the relative advantage of outsourcing as a viable alternative to the question of whether a firm should produce or make. Outsourcing Outsourcing is one of unique k ind of phenomenon and emerged as a result of the different needs of the international organizations. ... Under outsourcing, two organizations therefore come under the contractual agreement to agree upon the fact that assigned tasks will be performed by the second party to the contract according to the specific requirements of the organizations. Over the period of time, organizations therefore contracted out some or most of their functions to other organizations with better resources and capabilities. Initially the trend was to outsource only non-core operations of the organization however, the requirement to achieve better profitability and become more cost effective forced organizations to also outsource some of their core functions too. It is also important to note that the overall process of outsourcing was regional specific wherein organizations from developed country attempted to outsource their functions to the developing countries. The overall purpose was to achieve the organizational objectives and become more efficient. Insourcing is however, considered as an opposite of the ou tsourcing wherein organization often willing to maintain their control over their core operations. In order to achieve this objective, the resources are however, shifted to the departments which specialize in performing such business functions. By insourcing an organization however, can contract with other contractors to perform the job however, the performance of the function remains within the boundaries of the area where the organization operates. This also means that through insourcing a firm actually attempts to utilize the local resources to complete its operations rather than letting foreign vendors to perform the same. It is also important to note that the process of insourcing

Compare and contrast narrative family therapy, multigenerational Research Proposal

Compare and contrast narrative family therapy, multigenerational family therapy, experiential family therapy, structural family therapy - Research Proposal Example Narrative therapy s used by Narrative therapist when a person suffers major setbacks due to problems that had a great influence on his present life. This approach is essentially used by the therapist to help the person to describe the different trajectories or stories of their lives to understand how it impacted on their present situation. The person needs to describe his mode of living and the different possibilities associated with them to give the therapist a better advantage of meting out the right treatment. The focal point of the narrative therapy is not to focus on the problem itself, but to project how these problems have influenced and taken their toll on the person. Such an approach is termed as â€Å"externalization† or â€Å"objectification†. The Narrative† approach helps the person to re-frame, re- group or re-author various conversations, values and incidents that have had a powerful influence on them and has created a great impact on their present lives. The Narrative approach enables the person to understand their beliefs, principles and skills in a better light and thereby encourages them to weigh the pros and cons, examine and evaluate themselves and their relationships after a thorough investigation. The primary duty of the therapist is to pose such questions that would encourage the patient to externalize the problem and thereby investigate it to find the right solution. The therapist poses questions that help the person to examine the bitter areas and find alternatives to the problem which had caused all the pain. By talking to the person, the therapist is in a position to help him change the direction of his thoughts and restore some of the values and principles that were lost due to its influence. By the end of the session, the therapist would know clearly, whether there is scope for turning around the problems in a positive manner or if the problems have been too strong and

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Article Example luating these anomia studies to focus on the efficacy of treatment depending on moderator variables such as aphasia type, severity, therapy frequency, total amount of therapy hours and number of trained items. The effect size was calculated to represent the gains made for all participants confrontational naming tasks as follows: D= (Mpost tx-Mpre tx)/SDpre tx. Further, the unbiased effect of the study was calculated as follows: Unbiased d= (1-(3/ (4*total n)-9))*d. The pre- and post-measures were categorized within studies to evaluate moderator variables such as type of aphasia, Aphasia severity, number of sessions per week and total number of therapy hours (excluding the number of sessions). To assist control for confounding variables, the effect sizes were separated for trained vs. untrained/unexposed/unrelated words. In addition, the follow-up measures were eliminated. From the experiment that was conducted, effect sizes were based on small number of studies and frequently showed a high standard deviation. The results revealed the

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Final Project - Essay Example Mayo Clinic focuses on delivering the best healthcare services to all its patients and believes in handling most difficult cases with tertiary care. The hospital spends more than $500 million per year in its practice and research. It has been 150 years Mayo Clinic has been operating in the healthcare sector and provided continuous quality services to all its patients. The hospital encompasses world’s best practitioners along with wide array of treatment ranging from heart disease and cancer to urology and respiratory disorders. Mayo Clinic over the years has served large base of patients and has been continuously involved in medical research. There is wide range of departments in the hospital and it becomes essential to bring forth work collaboration amongst all the team members. The hospital comprises of majorly two divisions such as research department and department of medical facilities. However the departments can be further segmented such as internal medicine, health sciences research, surgery, pathology, laboratory medicine, etc. In such a scenario where there are multiple departments it becomes important to bring about synchronization so that intergroup conflict can be effectively avoided. There has been certain problems identified in the hospital which is adversely affecting the overall group productivity. The major issues are in the form of conflict in role within the groups, problems in terms of communication amongst team members, lack of group cohesiveness encompassing diverse members and inter group conflict. Role conflict has a major impact on group’s productivity. This problem majorly arises when there are diverse set of expectations from other team members. It can occur within a single role or across wide array of roles. Intra role conflict is majorly observed in situations where an individual is expected to perform different roles. Such as a medical

Battle of Shiloh and General A.S. Johnston Research Paper

Battle of Shiloh and General A.S. Johnston - Research Paper Example In order to provide a brief background to the reader, A. S. Johnston was already a decorated war veteran prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. As such, Johnston had already served in the Army of Texas, the Army of the United States prior to becoming a general in the Army of the CSA (Confederate States of America). Johnston had a range of talents and gifts that proved to assist him greatly in taking over his position as general within the Army of the Confederate States of America. ... rtage, lack of capital, and extreme numerical and industrial disadvantages that served to tip the war in favor of the Union was the struggle progressed.2 Regardless of the talent and courage exhibited by a single man, the problems that were extant within the confederacy could not and should not be under-appreciated nor minimized by the actions that a particular individual might have affected. Said one Southern newspaper regarding the loss of Johnston, â€Å"He is said but a few days before the battle in which he fell, to have expressed the determination to discharge his duties and responsibilities to his country according to the best convictions of his mind, and a resolution to redeem his losses at no distant day. According to official report, he fell in the thickets of the battle†.3 Although the South knew that Johnston’s defeats likely changed the course of the war in the West, a strong level of admiration for his daring and tenacity is evoked even in his death. The f irst item that should be considered with relation to Johnston’s effectiveness and overall ability to make a noticeable change on the war was the rather impossible position that he was placed at the outset of the war. With comparison to eastern generals that were tasked with protection vital strongholds and population centers within the South, Johnston was charged with what can only be considered as a nearly impossible task. Although this is a bold statement, one should consider that the resources and manpower that were devoted to Johnston in the western theater of the Civil War were unbelievably small for the amount of territory and key points he was responsible for securing from a numerically superior Northern force. It should be noted that although a talented and brilliant tactician, Johnston made a

How Formative Assessment Supports Pupils' Learning Essay

How Formative Assessment Supports Pupils' Learning - Essay Example According to the Collins English Dictionary (2003), formative assessment is the â€Å"ongoing assessment of a pupil’s educational development within a particular subject area. Sadler (1999) defines it as the kind of assessment whose intention is to generate feedback so as to improve and enhance students’ learning. This kind of assessment helps development of knowledge, skills and abilities and also enhances understanding without necessarily having to pass any final testing (Black and Wiliam 2003). Formative assessments are learner centered, which means that their goal is to help the student make maximum progress in the learning process. The assessments are appropriate for primary school children as they embrace the educational objective domains of Blooms taxonomy: psychomotor, affective and cognitive. The cognitive domain that is enhanced by formative assessments revolves around the comprehension, knowledge and ability to critically think about a subject. The psychomot or domain is all about the ability of the pupil to physically manipulate instruments in the learning process. The affective domain on the other hand relate to how learners are likely to react emotionally (Sadler 1998). Formative assessments incorporate all three Bloom’s Taxonomy domains in that they allow the pupil to develop not only recall skills, but also critical analysis skills in the learning process. There are two types of formative assessments according to Hall and Burke (2004). These are: planned formative assessments and interactive assessments. As the name suggests, planned formative assessments are those that are use to obtain tangible evidence on the way pupils think about a concept that they have been taught in class. These types of assessments are normally semi-formal and may be taken at the beginning or at the end of a certain topic. In these assessments, some assessment activities are prepared to furnish evidence that can be used to improve pupils’ lea rning. The information that is elicited from such an activity is used to gauge the level of understanding of the students and to structure instruction so that knowledge and skill development are enhanced (Tuttle 2009). Interactive assessment takes place during the interaction process between teacher and pupil. Hall and Burke (2004) describe this assessment as the one that includes incidental and ongoing assessments which arise from learning activities and it cannot be anticipated. This means that interactive assessments can occur at any time as the teacher and pupils are interacting in a learning setting (Black, Harrison and William 2003). This assessment aims at improving learning through mediation and intervention. The teacher may notice or recognize the learner’s thinking and can then respond to it appropriately. This kind of assessments is considered to be more pupil and teacher driven than it is curriculum driven. Unlike planned assessment that results in permanent infor mation, interactive assessment accrues information that is ephemeral (Sadler 1998). This means that the teacher can identify weak areas in the child’s learning and correct them quickly so as to avoid accumulated misconception on the learner’s side. Formative assessments can be in the form of observations, worksheets, pop quizzes, journals and diagnostic tests. Observation involves the instructor making observations about students’

Understanding management accounting and financial management Assignment

Understanding management accounting and financial management - Assignment Example For this expansion setting up new plant is essential for Flight high ventures plc to increase the capacity. The inception of new plant will require initial outlay of ?4m. Along with this, research and development department is taking another project of product development with two options A and B. In this report these two options are evaluated using different techniques. Two projects A and B both are mutually exclusive need to decide which project is more suitable for the Flight high ventures plc. Both the projects have initial capital investment which is shown in annexure as negative. Project B has initial investment of ?1210000 and project A has lower initial investment of ?968000. Lower initial investment does not signify that it is better to accept or reject because there is difference in economy of scale in those projects. Hence the effect is reflected in profit earning and in cash flows per year. These two projects are evaluated using four different techniques like payback meth od, accounting rate of return method (ARR), net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) (Collier, 2003, 185-193). Payback for the project A is 2.5 years and for project B is 3.5 years. Hence project ‘A’ needs 4.5 years to get repaid by its cash flow and project ‘B’ needs 3.5 years. This pay back period depends on the amount of investment and size of cash inflow. If the project has higher cash inflow at the initial time of the tenure of the project then it will effect on the payback time to be lessened. This concept is an advantage to pay back process as the risk of payment through early payment is reduced in this process. Another few advantages are like easy to calculate, simple concept and consideration of cash not profit only. But this procedure of evaluation has major flaw of non consideration of time value of money. Payback concept does not consider the cash inflow out of the stipulated time which may be for infinite for some projects. Hen ce the project size and the time are not under consideration of this method. (Kay, 2011, p.108) Accounting rate of return of any project is based on the average accounting profit and average capital investment. Here profit is considered in the calculation instead of the cash flow. Profit is counted after excluding depreciation from the cash flow. This ARR calculation has similarity with other calculation for return on investment (ROI) and return on equity (ROE). Only dissimilarity is in denominator. In ARR the main benefit than payback is the consideration of the project life span. Simple in calculation of ARR is another advantage. The result of ARR can help to compare more than one project and also with other financial ratios. But main advantage is similar to payback is, not of considering the time value. Other disadvantages are like not considering the scale of the project and timing (Atrill and McLaney, 2006, p.329- 332). (Damodaran, 2002) In those above two methods risk is consi dered in the calculation but inflation and interest foregone factor is not considered. In the NPV and IRR method time value of money is applied in the calculation. In NPV calculation the absolute size of the project is accounted and also in the discounting factor consideration of calculation of the discounting rate is important (McGrath, 1998). Usually cost of capital is considered in this calculation but this is the main advantage of NPV method, because of the hardness in calculation of cost of capital (Brigham, Enrhardt, 2010, 383). IRR is positive for the projects with unknown discount rate but known cash flows. Like NPV, IRR also considers risk and time value of money. But IRR ignores the change in discount rate and also the gives multiple result for the cash flow with combination of inflow and out flow.

Ethics in Healthcare Settings SL1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Healthcare Settings SL1 - Essay Example These dilemmas revolve around four principles on ethical theory: respect for autonomy, beneficence, justice and non-maleficence (Dunbar, 2003). This paper focuses on the ethical dilemmas that result from the need to observe the dictates of the principle of respect for autonomy. Bernhofer defines autonomy as â€Å"the right of individuals to make decisions regarding their own healthcare regardless of what others think of these decisions† (2011). This gives all patients the right to self determination regardless of their capacity, age or even imprisonment (Lo, 2009). It is the right of the patients to know, consider, refuse and request any form of care or treatment being offered. Therefore, this principle, also referred to as people’s self government argues for the capacity to make informed and un-coerced decisions by any rational individual. The evaluation of this principle elicits the debate on whether this conception accurately portrays the process of decision making in healthcare setting. The principle of autonomy could be infringed when the service provider dishonors the wish of a patient on the preferred treatment. It could also occur if information would be withheld for example on the pain involved with the employment of a particular treatment approach (Sutrop, 2011). Interestingly, (Bernhofer, 2011) notes that patients get better managed and become better satisfied with full extension of autonomy rights. The author gives the example of Patient Controlled Analgesia, PCA noting that adequate ordering of analgesics and proper programming of the pump for individual patients results in personal control over pain hence effectiveness of the analgesics. Nonetheless, there arise situations where strong reasons to act in particular manner get balanced by cogent counteractive arguments (Lo, 2009). Not always would experience, common sense, being good and having good intentions guarantee appropriate response to situations

Jewish Marriage Essay Example for Free

Jewish Marriage Essay Marriage is a significant part of Judaism bringing together a woman and man under God’s reign. It is the mitzvah (122) â€Å"To marry a wife by means of ketubah and keddushin† (Deut 22:13), all Jewish adherents see marriage as a necessity in order to obey God and to experience the fullness of life. In Genesis God says: â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him. † It is a link between individuals and the wider community as it recognises two individuals coming together, celebrated by the wider community. Also the marriage ceremony itself contains symbolic significance to Judaism, conveying Jewish beliefs through symbols, actions and words. The mitzvah of marriage is especially important as it involves what Jews believe to be the purpose of human life: unity to procreate. This belief is modelled by the creation story in Genesis where Adam is made a partner (Eve) through one of his ribs â€Å"For this reason man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife† (Genesis). The idea of a â€Å"bashert† or ideal partner makes marriage especially important as it creates a bond between two souls, just like Adam and Eve, fulfilling God’s will. Once unity between woman and man is achieved, a married couple are able to carry out the next mitzvah (125): â€Å"To have children with one’s wife† to fulfil God’s wish to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply† (Gen 1:28). Due to this law Jewish people see marriage as the only way of being able to have children, so in marriage, a Jew is able to adhere to two mitzvoth. To be Jewish one has to be born of a Jewish marriage; therefore, Jewish marriages are significant ensuring Judaism remains through generations due to procreation and the adherence of individuals marrying.

The Charismatic Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

The Charismatic Leadership Style Essay The Charismatic Leadership Style I have chosen to write my journal article on a leadership style known as a Ccharismatic Leader. Its difficult to identify the characteristics that make a leader charismatic, but they certainly include the ability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level, and probably include some personality traits. I do not believe that charismatic leadership is essential to be an effective leader but it can enhance the leadership journey. The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through based upon their personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. Possessing these characteristics can be an extremely powerful way to gain and lead others. They can also make their followers (ordinary people) do some pretty extraordinary things. Charismatic leaders have the ability to sense the gap that exists between what an organization and culture of people and empower them to come together as one. By bridging this gap the leader can create a vision of a future state that everyone believes will be better than the current one. The charismatic leader often communicates their vision using metaphors and stories in ways that everyone can understand the vision. Their followers see the leader as one that possesses the ability to visualize the future with clarity. Their followers are also able to see how they fit into this future state and believe it will be better than today. Charismatic leaders do these things constantly in large and small ways. Charismatic Leaders are visionaries. They focus on transforming situations, not just maintaining. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. The person who I think is a great charismatic leader is Barack Obama. I have listened to a lot of his speeches and he has the power to motivate and empower people with his words, his testimony and his story of overcoming many trials and obstacles. Barack Obama is often compared to John F. Kennedy, who is arguably the most charismatic President of the United States. â€Å"Todays environment emphasizes organizational learning and follower empowerment conditions that promote mutual respect and dialogue. However, even in this environment leaders can, sometimes unwittingly, enact subtle abuses. Generally included in the typical definition of power are the notions of dependency and control: a leaders ability to determine followers behavior stems at least in part from the followers dependency on the leader. This, in turn, is based on leaders control over the various aspects of organizational life affecting followers or perceived as needed by followers, such as material resources and organizational advancement.

Childhood Obesity And Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

Childhood Obesity And Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay Han et al. (2010) identified that the global prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased over the last ten years. Story et al. (2009) note that adolescent obesity as a significant global challenge for health in the 21st century, noting that the prevalence in the United States had quadrupled from 1966 to 2003-2006. In the United States, the Centre for Disease Control postulates that the American society has become obesogenic (CDC website). Moffat (2010) notes that as early as the beginning of the twenty first century the obesity epidemic was legitimately acknowledged as both a medical and societal problem. Health professionals continue to sound the alarm that obesity is a serious health concern for children and adolescents and places them at risk for a myriad of health problems, not only during their youth but also as adults. Freedman et al. (2007) posit that childhood obesity increases the risk for cardiovascular disease during adolescence and adulthood. Further to th at, they went on to argue that outside of the health risks that childhood obesity poses, the magnitude of the problem is often overlooked from the economic costs perspective. Trasande and Chatterjee (2009) noted that in 2009 in the United States, increased health-care and utilization and expenditures were concentrated among adolescents. They went on to underscore that the immediate economic consequences of childhood obesity are much greater than previously realized and emphasized that there needs to be continued concerted efforts made to reduce the burden of this major co-morbidity. The burden is not isolated to just childhood and adolescence as Serdula et al. (1993) purport the view that obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese as adults, a view later reinforced by Whitaker et al. (1997). In one study they identified that it was estimated that eighty percent (80%) of children who were overweight at aged ten to fifteen years were obese adults at age twenty-five . In a subsequent study Freedman et al. (2001) found that twenty-five percent (25%) of obese adults were overweight as children. Moffat (2010) notes that a number of studies conducted in the United States indicate that there exists an association between childhood obesity and low household income and food insecurity. As a result, she notes that children of low socio-economic status are the ones who bear the brunt of the obesity epidemic. It is also well documented that there is a higher prevalence of childhood obesity among ethnic minorities and immigrant children. Gordon-Larsen et al. (2003) and Sorof et al. (2004) noted that the prevalence of obese children was higher among Hispanics and African-Americans, who predominantly made up the low socio-economic status bracket of the United States. Poverty in the United States is highest among children, 20% of all children in the United States live in poverty, Kotch (2005), and consequently if poverty serves as a risk factor for obesity, they are going to be the population most affected. It is important to note that while at-risk populations are relatively easily identified, the very factors contributing to the obesity epidemic remain complex and not well understood. Basch (1999) identifies poverty as the single underlying cause for most diseases in the world today. Kumanyika Grier (2006) argue that low income communities or households may find it increasingly difficult to provide the resources or funds needed to provide children with nutritious meals or opportunities for sufficient exercise. The availability, affordability and appeal of foods that are low in nutritional value, but high in fat, sugar and calories, means that those in the lower socio-economic bracket find it easier to afford that meal plan. Further to that, persons in the low socio-economic bracket do not have access to food stores that sell healthy foods. In the United States, Powell and Chaloupka (2009), note that while the prices for low nutrition foods have been decreasing over the past few decades, the cost for healthy foods has been increasing, directly impacting the food options for the poor. Poverty affects not only the eating habits of minority groups but also influences their physical activity. Children, who live in poor households, normally live in poor or low income communities with crowded streets, marked by a lack of safe outdoor space or facilities in which they can play, Dwyer et al. (2006) and Franzini et al. (2009). A lack of physical activity or even a decrease in physical activity, coupled with increased fat and calorie intake are factors that can influence weight and lead to obesity in children. Other researchers, while they concur with the view that low socio-economic status is a determinant of childhood obesity, they go to note that other cultural and environmental factors exist, (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2007). Culture as a contributing factor must be considered in terms of its ability to influence behavioural patterns. Earlier arguments posited on stigmatization of excess body fat. However, children and adolescents in ethnic minorities find excess body fat and obesity to be less stigmatizing and less associated with a dissatisfaction of body types, Stice et al. (2006). Further to that, among Hispanics for example, a situation with which we can identify in the Caribbean, children who are small are considered to be sick or malnourished. In other low-income communities, such as African Americans, thin is associated with drug addiction or poverty, Jain et al. (2001). Here we see the stigma being attached to thin or small body types, creating an environment wher e obesity is acceptable, even preferred. Further to that, societal changes have also led to an adoption of sedentary lifestyles; a lifestyle that often times appear to be more pronounced among the minority groups. They are found to own more televisions than non-ethnic minority children and consequently spend more time watching television, and being exposed to advertising for high fat diets, Kain et al. (2004) and Kumanyika and Grier (2006). Having had discourse on the causes and aetiology of obesity in children and adolescents, identifying it as epidemic in the United States with long term implications for health, the question on prevention becomes more pertinent and leads to the identification of interventions. From the ongoing debate it seems that prevention of childhood obesity needs to incorporate a change in societal status, change in behavioural and cultural patterns as well as addressing the biological factors of obesity. McClaskey (2010) notes that with the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States, efforts at prevention must aim at protecting children, especially the vulnerable groups. She noted that some health centres in the US, are employing the use of a modified version of the national obesity programme We Can, to implement childhood obesity clinics, in an effort geared at reaching an underserved patient population. From the literature reviewed, it seems that while physicians are aware of the growing epidemic and its implications for health, Hall (2010) found that few actually initiated interventions on weight management with children. The impact of obesity among children and adolescents on morbidity, mortality and cost for healthcare, means that there is a need to engage not only the at-risk groups, but physicians as well on the need to overcome barriers to the resolution of this public health concern. Foremost in prevention and intervention is the need for education as re lates to the development and management of obesity. Healthcare professionals can and should be used in health promotions. The Institute of Medicine recommends that prevention of obesity should be encouraged in children and adolescents by tracking patients BMI, providing evidence-based counselling, and having healthcare teams act as role models, (IMO, 2005). This they argued, provides the opportunity to identify persons at risk and to provide opportunistic lifestyle advice, as well as provide pro-active care such as referral to a nutritionist or other actions geared at improving the nutritional and physical activity habits of the identified children. Hebebrand (2010) notes that efforts aimed at prevention should seek to incorporate the schools as school settings have proven important for health behaviour interventions. Such interventions in the US have seen the removal of vending machines from school compounds as well as prohibiting sale of sodas to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. The food industry in the United States has also responded to the need to modify diets by making products lower in caloric density. They have also developed foods with components claimed to assist in weight loss, (Gaullier et al. 2005) Roberto et al. (2010) noted in a study conducted, that childrens snack preferences can be influenced by the use of licensed characters such as Elmo being placed on the packages. As a result, they concluded that as a means of reducing childhood obesity, licensed characters to advertise junk food to children should be restricted. One of the most notable arguments for prevention indicates a need for prevention to begin in the early stages of the life of a child. Aranceta et al. (2009) underscore the need for the adequate nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy. At the community level, education on nutrition has been incorporated into the maternal care given to women. It serves to ensure their nutritional health as well as the future nutritional health of the infant. In 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama joined the campaign to fight childhood obesity. Her Lets Move Campaign is seeking to raise the nutritional level of school meals and improve access to healthier foods in deprived communities. That campaign has seen the inclusion and use of mobile food markets, in states such as Virginia. Further to that, parents are encouraged to enrol their children in extra-curricular activities. President Obama has also called for an additional one billion dollars to fund child nutrition programmes. Champions for Change, another campaign group, is advocating making changes in kitchens, homes, schools and neighbourhoods across America. It purports the need for more fruits and vegetables, more activity, which means less television, and more voices raised for healthy changes. Against this backdrop, from a public health perspective primary prevention of childhood obesity requires a population-wide approach that is multifaceted and that aims at promoting healthier eating practices, an active lifestyle and access and provision of care to children to ensure early detection of risk and thereby increase prevention. In 2004 the WHO approved the Global Strategy on Diet and Physical activity, encouraging all of its member states to develop and implement national action plans aimed at a reduction in obesity rates. Obesity, as previously noted, can have adverse health, social and emotional effects. It also increases the risk among adolescents for disability and premature death as adults. Story et al. (2005) notes that there are metabolic and physiological abnormalities associated with adolescent obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemias, orthopedic problems and type 2diabetes. Cowie et al., (2006) Ogden et al.(2006) and Reininger et al. (2009) have all documented findings that postulate that in the United States, underprivileged Hispanics have excessively higher rates of type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer as compared to whites; diseases for which obesity has been noted to be a risk factor. The life-long consequences of this rising epidemic are or should be a serious concern for health planners. Increased morbidity means increased utilization of health service, increased supply of health care for example pharmaceuticals, which translates into increased cost of healthcare and notably, the at-risk population is the one least likely to be able to afford access to the required health services. That places an additional burden on social security. Research suggests that obesity-related chronic diseases previously found in adults such as hypertension and osteoarthritis are now appearing in minority children (Frenn et al., 2003; Kumanyika Grier, 2006; McCarthy et al., 2008). Therefore, addressing obesity during childhood, particularly in ethnic minority populations, is a priority in preventing escalating co-morbidities in adulthood and the adverse health outcomes associated with such co-morbidities. A review of the plethora of literature that deliberates on the topic childhood and adolescent obesity presents not solutions to this growing epidemic but points to a need for continued research aimed at identifying effectual prevention interventions for that age group. It highlights a void in the data on socially accepted, sustainable, and culturally appropriate interventions for the at-risk population, minority groups. All of these possible interventions, if they are to be successful, can only be integrated into mainstream society if they are a part of a coordinated system that includes multi-sectoral participation and involvement of all of the stakeholders.

Exemplification Essay: Cruising Should be Banned -- Exemplification Ess

Most of us have enjoyed "cruising" sometime in our lives. For many, it was one of our favorite pastimes. If you lived in the "American Graffiti" era, it was the in thing of to do. I remember when cruising was a popular activity on Main Street in Mesa for many years, until it was banned a few years ago. Now the controversy is over whether to ban cruising on Central Avenue in Phoenix. City officials are trying to reroute the weekend riders to Washington and Jefferson streets. Although cruising may be enjoyable to quite a few teenagers, there is no positive purpose for it. The negative effects of cruising outweigh the reasons for it by far. Cruising should be banned altogether because cruisers have proven to be very loud, dangerous, and a contributor to our pollution problem. I have sympathy for those who live near Central Avenue. The weekends are very noisy in this vicinity. For example, some of the stereos blasting away could accommodate a rock concert. The base volume coming out of these speakers is felt in your heart as you drive along Central...

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird, both as a novel and as a film, shows how time can change the way society views the importance of certain issues, such as racism. Because it was written during the civil rights movement, many people protested against it for conveying issues of prejudice between the north and the south. However, after time, the novel gradually became accepted. It is now a world-renowned classic, and it has won the Pulitzer Prize, as well as having made its way to the big screen. The author, Harper Lee, sets the story in a small town in Alabama. The narrator is a 9-year-old tomboy, whose father was a widowed lawyer. Herbert Mitgang wrote in the New York Times on July 13, 1960: The author eases the reader into the life of the town with warmth and good humor. The reader builds what the children call a Negro ?snowman;? rolls crazily down the street in a somersaulting old tire; sits in a consolidated classroom in a hilarious scene where the backcountry kids unhinge a teacher from an alien ?north? county of Alabama. The children?s phrases, the slang of Southern poor white and Negro, and the language of the more educated people have a regional charm. Mitgang tells us that the novel is about the life of two children who live in a small town, where they deal with racism in society. Prejudice surrounds their childhood, and it lurks with them while they are playing, and even while they are in the classroom. Mitgang tells us that on top of all this, racism is conveyed in the children?s language. Writer Jane Kansas created a website dedicated to To Kill a Mockingbird. She covers areas such as the novel, the film, events, reviews, interviews, and a biography of Harper Lee. According to ... ...1963. Schumach, Murray. ?Prize for Novel Elates Film Pair.? New York Times 19 May 1961, 26. Snyder, Steven. Rev. of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Zertinet Movies. 01 Nov. 2005. < http://movies.zertinet.com/2002/toki/tokillamockingbird.htm>. Stratton, Jerry. Rev. of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. FireBlade Book Review.8 Sept. 2002. 26 October 2005. < http://www.hoboes.com/html/FireBlade/Books/Mockingbird.shtml>. Neary, Lynn. Talk of the Nation. NPR . Oct. 2002. 01 Nov. 2005. < http://www.npr.org/programs/totn/features/2002/oct/books/>. Tubelle, Larry. Rev. of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Variety 100 12 Dec. 1962. 4 Nov. 2005 . Weinberg, Scott. Rev. of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Rotten Tomatoes.17 Sept. 2005. 20 Oct. 2005. < http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_kill_a_mockingbird/?sortby=date&critic=columns>.

How does Priestly keep the attention of the audience in Act 1? :: English Literature

How does Priestly keep the attention of the audience in Act 1? Inspector calls was set in 1912, it was written in 1945, and was performed in 1946. Priestly wanted to show his views, so he created a performance called ‘Inspector Calls’ to show that he cares for others, so Priestly maintains interest by using various different devices, and that’s what my essay will be about, the various devices that Priestly used the keep the attention of the audience. Firstly, the play has got a pace, which is fast, the evidence of this is that the Inspector doesn’t keep talking to the same person for five minutes, he asks one person one question and then he goes onto the next person. The point of this is Priestly doesn’t bore the audience he keeps everyone’s attention by going thought the scenes. In Inspector calls the characters were each revealed step by step, and eventually they all revealed properly at the end of the play. At the end of act 1 the only characters that have been revealed is Mr Birling, because they found out that he had sacked Daisy Retton just for asking if she could have abit more money, Gerald was also revealed but not much, because Shelia knew that Gerald new something when the Inspector said the name Daisy Retton because his face gave the impression. The point of this is that they have only revealed two characters in act 1 so that the audience will want to keep watching, because they would like to know where the other characters come in the mystery. Secondly, the play refers to the political climate of time, the evidence of this is that once he has asked someone a question, they answer it, then the person he had asked a question to before he asks them i.e. ‘did you know anything about that’. The point of this is, if any one out of the audience has misunderstood a little bit of a sentence then he goes back over it but in a different way of saying it later on, so then that person has understood the whole storyline so far. Also the storyline is slowly unravelling of the plot, but by the end of act 1 the audience is completely drawn in. The evidence of this is, the stage directions in the book, the font is different and it says ‘ she looks at him in triumph. He looks crushed. The door slowly opens and the inspector appears, looking steadily and searchingly at them,’ so if you were watching the play, then the Inspector will open

Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation

Does Herodotus offer adequate explanations for Greek colonisation in the archaic period? Herodotus gives all ancient historians invaluable insights into colonisation in the archaic period, despite having his well known limitations. We must overall regard his work ‘The Histories’ as an equal to archaeological evidence and Thucydides’ work when it comes to studying colonisation in this period. Before I begin this essay, however, I must first quickly define two crucial terms.The term ‘colonisation’ (as we mean it during the during the archaic period) has for some reason been debated at great length by ancient historians, who seem determined to remove it as far away from the imperial meaning of the word as possible. I don’t see why, as both have glaring similarities and only minute differences. They both involve one kind of people moving in significant numbers to a new place (where either a different kind of people or no people were present) and es tablishing their way of life in said location.The only real differences being the literal translation of the word in Greek meaning ‘home away from home’ or ‘trading place’ and the imperial meaning of the word leaning more towards the subjugation of the local inhabitants rather than the replacement of them (which was more common in archaic Greece). The second term is ‘Archaic Period’ which in this essay will be defined as the period from 800 to 478BC.To examine in detail Herodotus’ explanations for colonisation during this period I will examine to what extent he informs us on: land-hunger, trading considerations, drought[1]and I will also comment on his references to the Delphic oracle. I have picked these areas to judge Herodotus on, because they are the most regularly agreed upon reasons for colonisation occurring and therefore his comments on these areas have the potential to be most informative to us, as A.Graham eloquently sums up wi th ‘though a very large number of extant authors provide some piece of information relevant to the history of Greek colonisation only a few are of overriding influence†¦ their [Herodotus and Thucydides] importance lies in their relatively early date, although they belong to a period after the Archaic colonising movement, they are nearer to it than our other substantial sources’[2]. It is for this paramount reason that Herodotus’ comments on these subjects are so crucial to our study of colonisation.In scrutinizing Herodotus’ comments in this field I will look some of the examples that he uses, namely: Chalkedon, Sigeion, Egypt, Olbia and of course Cyrene. So through looking at the four main reasons for colonisation and cross-referencing it with the examples stated I will fully evaluate whether or not Herodotus is an adequate source to look to regarding the archaic colonisation period. It must also be mentioned at this point that ‘political facto rs’ would have also been a strong factor to consider, however, would take up the word count fully all by itself, so will be left for a another time.Land–hunger refers to one of the push factors that are widely believed to have caused many Greeks to leave their original homes in search of more land and in particular, more fertile land. We see this especially in the case of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese where there were less fertile plains and more arid and mountainous terrain Although Herodotus never explicitly tells us that this was a major cause for colonisation, we can infer from some of his writing that this would have been a factor.Herodotus enlightens us to the existence of a colony on the coast of the black seathat ‘have sanctuaries dedicated to the Greek gods and †¦ whose language is a mixture of Scythian and Greek’[3]. Now this alone does not specifically tell us that the Greeks moved to this area because it was particularly fertile or t hat their home region was lacking in enough land, but when you continue to read on and see that it was the Megarians who colonised Chalkedon[4] and Byzantium (located either side of the Bosphorus) then one can easily see the extent to which a Peloponnesian city-state would go to find new lands.This is a weak argument on its own, however, twinned with some basic knowledge of Antiquity it grows in strength. For instance anyone with knowledge of mainland Greek states will know that the Megarians were indeed very restricted with regards to land. They were squashed between the Peloponnesian League members such as Corinth, to the south, and Attica (ruled by Athens), to the north and east. The fact that they set up at least three colonies: Megara Hyblaea, Chalkedon and Byzantium, clearly indicates land-hunger, just as their geography would suggest.On top of this, anyone with a basic knowledge of antiquity would also be aware of the huge agricultural resources available around the black sea , proved by Athens’ later dependency on grain imports from this region during the Peloponnesian wars. The way in which Herodotus describes Cyrene as having a ‘hole in the sky’[5] (i. e. it rains more making the ground more fertile) can also be taken as a heavy hint as to why Cyrene was set up.My point being, when reading Herodotus, sometimes he must be used in conjunction with elementary knowledge to support or disprove points. In this case he has supported the idea that land-hunger was an adequate explanation for Greek colonisation though not explicitly telling us. One has to admit though that over the course of the whole work, Herodotus does fail to fully support this factor. Unless you are a primitivist, trading advantages had to be a substantial pull factor for your city to advocate colonisation.I will develop this argument assuming that the Greeks were an enterprising race because this is the argument that will prove to be entirely accepted in due course. Th e finest example of Herodotus explaining colonisation, in regards to trading motives, is his account of the settlement set up at the mouth of the River Nile called Naukratis. He declares ‘Naukratis was the only trading-station and there was no other in Egypt’[6] and goes on remark on the religious temples set up in honour of Zeus, Hera and Apollo naming Aeginetans, Samians and Milesians all present in the city.This was clearly a settlement set up with the aim of extending trade relations with the Egyptians for the benefit of Greeks. In a separate example though, one can again use basic knowledge of Hellenes in antiquity (the basic knowledge being that the Bosphorus was extremely important to trade even in archaic times) combined with Herodotus’ passage on Chalkedon[7] to see that control of the Bosphorus was important enough to trade that colonies were set up here on numerous occasions.Sigeion, just south of the Bosphorus and situated on the mouth of the river St rymon was (as Herodotus informs us) fought over furiously by Athens and Mytilene[8], again signifying the importance of trade to the foundation of colonies in the archaic period. So Herodotus then giving us comprehensive proof of trade being an adequate factor in the establishment of colonies in the archaic period. Dillon points to drought as one of the factors that lead directly to colonisation. No better example of this, in ancient literature, exists than the account of Cyrene’s foundation. For the next seven years, however, no rain fell on Thera, and all their trees, with a single exception, withered. ’[9] Now, following this short passage, we again encounter a common limitation of Herodotus, ‘The islanders consulted the oracle, and the Pythia reminding them that they were supposed to colonise Libya’[10]; that is his continuous permeation of oracles into most of his work. This is not to say that we can disregard ancient historians’ reference†™s to all oracle’s all the time, but it is of my own opinion that we take much of Herodotus’ oracular reports with a pinch of salt.So although Herodotus may have been reported a tale of curses and prophecies regarding Thera’s drought, I would take his account and remedy a notion that what was most likely to have occurred was: that the Therans had some bad luck with the weather for a indeterminate period of time and as a result could not sustain the population they included†¦ so, decided to relieve pressure on the city by sending a portion of its population to a land where they could survive (or perhaps even sustain the original colony? . To clarify my earlier ‘pinch of salt’ phrase it moves me to use the words of M. Giangiulio expressing the idea that ‘cultural memory does not ‘reflect’ historical reality, even if it expresses a form of historical self-awareness’[11]. This is the sense in which I believe we should us e Herodotus, using our modern sense of hindsight and sensibility to understand ‘historical reality’ more accurately. For further details on ‘intentional history’[12] see footnote.This is the most blatant example I have touched on so far of Herodotus supporting one of the five stated reasons for colonisation and therefore yet again going some way to adequately explaining Greek colonisation in the archaic period. The Delphic Oracle is central to the explaining of why many colonies are set up. Maurizio Giangiulio supports this line of argument by telling us ‘The decisive role played by the Delphic oracle is very strongly emphasized, through various narrative devices’[13] in this case Herodotus: ‘the oracle declared that he would found a community in Libya’[14].It is ion this way that Herodotus is able to properly shed light on a crucial part of explaining the colonising process, making evident that it was foolhardy to go on an expedit ion without the expressed will of the gods ‘the importance attached to the god’s will is an integral part of a representational strategy [of a colony]’ states Giangiulio, extending this with ‘Cyrene represent themselves- it would seem –as a polies which stood high in Apollo’s favour’[15]. To conclude, there is no denying that Herodotus has his flaws in providing explanations for Greek colonisation.I am not pushing the argument that Herodotus is an infallible source on every case study he mentions either. What must be clear though after reading this essay is that Herodotus can be used with great effectiveness to inform us on the explanations of Greek colonisation. Simple guidelines can be fitted to reading his work that allow one to see past what modern minds would usually consider fantasy, but which can really help reveal the truth in many of the cases he does use.He supports three of the four reasons very strongly, and even if he does fall short in regards to land-hunger he more than makes up for it by placing huge emphasis on the importance of oracles and trading which must be considered the principal reason for explaining in the archaic period. Words: 1,961 ———————– [1] Dillon, Ancient Greece, 2000, Routledge, pp. 1 I have not looked at political consideration only due to my word count being limited to 2000, not through sloth or lack of interest. 2] Boardman, 1982, pp. 85 (Cambridge Ancient History) [3] Herodotus, 4. 108. [4] Herodotus, 4. 144 [5] Herodotus, 4. 159 [6] Herodotus, 2. 152-154, 178-181 [7] Herodotus, 4. 144 [8] 5. 94-95 [9] 4. 151 [10] 4. 151 [11] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 120 [12] H.Gehrke, Mythos, Geschicte, Politik-antik und modern, 1994 pp. 239-64 [13] M. Giangiulio, Co nstructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 117 [14] 4. 150 [15] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 118

Ethics Greek Essay

The great the knowledge and liberty, the greater the voluntariness and the greater the voluntariness, the greater the object lesson responsibility. Alfredo Panizo MODIFIERS OF valet de chambre ACTS a) Ignorance b) Passions c) Fear d) Habit e) Violence A) IGNORANCE absence of knowledge which a soulfulness ought to let Ignorance of equity exempts no virtuoso implies that one who has do wrong may non simply and directly claim ignorance as defense or justification or to be freed from sanction attached to the Law that was violated implies that one should non mold in the state of ignorance besides forever strive to dispel it 1) beatable Ignorance formulate of Ignorance which can be easily remedied do ordinary diligence and basisable efforts 1.a) bear upon Ignorance a mortal possess this benevolent of Ignorance when a mortal employs positive efforts to be ignorant in order to be escape responsibility it is Vincible Ignorance explicitly wanted = studied ignoranc e 2) Invincible Ignorance macrocosmikin of Ignorance which a soul possesses with bulge out macrocosm conscious(predicate) of it or lack the sozzleds to make up it PRINCIPLES1) Invincible Ignorance r closeers an twist in uncoerced a someone is non liable or cannot be culpable if he is not aw be of his ignorance or when thither is nomeans of reanimateing his ignorance 2) Vincible Ignorance does not destroy but lessens voluntariness and the same business over the feign when a someone becomes aw ar of ones ignorance, he/she has the moral obligation to rectify it- and to turning with this is a form of imprudence 3) abnormal Ignorance though it decr saves voluntariness, increases theaccountability over the resultant phone number it interferes intellect decrease voluntariness it is leave behinded to persist increases accountability refusing to rectify ignorance is malicious and malice is graver if ignorance is used as an excuse for not doing the right thingB) P ASSION any tendencies towards desirable objects (positive emotions like love, desire, delight, hope, bravery etc) or tendencies a steering from undesirable or pestiferous things (negative emotions like horror, sadness, hatred, despair, business concern, anger etc) Passions psychic responses neither moral nor immoral however, homokind is strangulate to regulate his emotions and submit them to the control of reason 1) Antecedent Passions precedes the arrange predisposes a mortal to routine 2) Consequent Passions those that atomic number 18 by choice aroused and kept self-importance-imposed in cause the result of the will human activenessing the strings of emotion PRINCIPLES 1) Antecedent Passions do not ceaselessly destroy voluntariness but they diminish accountability for the resultant act they weaken the will power without obstructing freedom completely t herefore, crimes of passion are ever voluntary although accountability is diminished because it interfe res with the freedom of the will2) Consequent Passions do not lessen voluntariness but may flat increase responsibility consequent passions are direct results of the will which across-the-boardy consents to them instead of subordinating them to its control C) FEAR din on the heed of the somebody universe confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself, to his loved ones or to his airscrew one is compelled to decide to perform an act so as to avoid scourge of future or imminent abhorrence 1) moment do with idolatry accredited actions which by personality are redoubted or risky in theses cases, fright is a normal response to danger these actions are voluntary because the doer is in fully control of his faculties and acts inspite of care- fear here is an instinct for self-preservation (we stock-still fear unsanded experiences or situations) ex.Being left completely in a strange place, being asked to speak before a collection of wad 2) Act out of fear or because of fear fear here becomes a positive force compel a person to act without careful deliberation fear modifies the freedom of doing, bring forth the person to act in a certain predetermined manner, even without his full consent Ex. A child studies/reads his books out of fear of his mother A man stops smoking fear of spotting cancer PRINCIPLES 1) Acts finishedwith fear are voluntary acting inspite of his fear and is in full control of himself 2) Acts done out of fear are simply voluntary although conditionally involuntary simply voluntary = person remains in control of his faculties conditionally involuntary = if it were not for the presence of something feared, the person would not act or would act in another(prenominal) way intimidate or threatening as person with horror is an unjust act legally speaking, acts done out of fear shut-in acts Ex.Contract made out of fear voidable later be annulled 3) Acts done because of intense fear or scourge are inv oluntary panic obscures the heed in this mental state, the person is not expected to think sensibly D) use of reliables and services permanent inclinations to act in a certain way lasting ardour and facility born of frequently restate acts or for acting in a certain manner acquire the berth of second reputation moves a person to perform certain acts with relative ease Habit not easy to catch or alter requires a obstinate person to correct a substance abuse Voluntary Habits those caused by the repetition of voluntary acts Involuntary Habits a usage becomes much(prenominal) if the will is resolved to remove it and there is a struggle to overcome it PRINCIPLES 1) put throughs done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a just effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination stinky Habits voluntary in cause because they are results of previously willed acts done repeatedly as long as the habits are not corrected, pestiferous acts done by fo rce of habit are voluntary and accountable can be not accountable if a person decides to fight his habit. For as long as the effort towards this purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit may be regarded as acts of man because the cause of such habit is no longer expressly desired E) strength any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of oblige the said person to act against his will Ex. Bodily torture, maltreatment, mutilation, etc PRINCIPLES 1) External actions or commanded actions performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable shield has been offered, are involuntary and are not accountable active impedance should always be offered to an unjust aggressor if resistance is impossible and there is a severe threat to ones disembodied spirit, a person confronted by violence hack writer offer intrinsic resistanceDETERMINANTS OF humane ACT 1. ACT IN ITSELF constitution of the act itself ( cheating is disadvanta geously itself in its nature) 2. need OF THE AGENT (intention/purpose) 3. CIRCUMSTANCES Who= person What=Quantity or quality Where= put How= slicener, Means or instrument When= age Why=Motive DETERMINING A in effect(p) ACTION ACT MOTIVE/END beneficial + entire =GOOD well-grounded + bad =BAD Bad + true =BAD Bad + bad =VERY BAD ETHICAL THEORIES 1. Deontological 2. teleological 3. Divine Command ethical motive 4. moral excellences EthicsDEONTOLOGY Deos what is binding, right and proper Duty-oriented appeals to obligations, honors, rules or orders 1. phlegm Stoics nature is straightforward Good surrendering/denying/accept nature or whatever happens defense/simplicity/frugality Wrong- contradict nature Three moral convictions 1. Nature is innately good and man is part of nature 2. Man does good by pursuit nature and malevolent by contradicting 3. Man ought to accept everything that is happening to him w/o question in order to be a good and tranquil brio EPICTETUS everyth ing is governed by nature determinism things come as they do the essence of good and despicable lies in that attitude of the will sheer(a) obedience greatest right sufferance and tranquility2. KANTS DEONTOLOGICAL possibleness Immanuel Kant theology is ground on A PRIORI( pre knowledge) of the imperative form of human acts Pure reason consent of valid knowledge of the mind interoperable reason valid knowledge of the mind Basis FREEWILL moral commerce IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL sanctions EXISTENCE OF GOD ultimate betterr of sanctions Kant good without any qualification is based on GOOD WILL a person with good will acts with moral responsibility (businessman/politician) KANTS CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE resembling golden rule command every human rational agent to cons istently confirm with moral duties 1. Principle of Universality Act only on that maxim through and through which you can at the same clock time will that it should become a universal law (evil if it cannot be universally willed. try on killing) 2. Principle of End in Itself act in such a way that you will always treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of any other, never simply as a means, but alwaysat the same time as an end.( self-preservation/selfrealization/charity)3. convention OR CONTRACTARIAN THEORY THOMAS HOBBES What is good is agreed by the society through social contract TELEOLOGICAL THEORIES Telos- end Consequence oriented theory Good is based on the result of the act 1. HEDONISM Hedos joyfulness eat and be spirited for tomorrow you will die Good is personal experience of pleasure ARISTIPPUS The greatest pleasure/ put out is the greatest evil The only norm of determining what is good is the most intense carnal pleasure of the moment. Sexual act between lovers give one of the most intense sensual pleasure EPICURIUS Man is material and apparitional (death is disintegration) Man by nature seek pleasure good and evil live in sensation but it sh ould be directed by reason and virtue. really pleasure moderation decided by the mind Prudence wisdom and depicted object to control oneself Social injustices source of pain in human relation 2. UTILITARIANISM great good for the greatest number of people JEREMY BENTHAM Good if it promotes greater good (generic law/ofw) Bad suffering Quantitative utilitarianism public utility company or usefulness of an act pot STUART MILL Qualitative utilitarianism Not the act and its end but more on the high-handedness of the person but the dignity of the human agent. better to be disgruntled than a pig satisfied Action is right if it promotes happiness/ bad-unhappiness VIRTUE ethical motive Virtue- moral practice or action in conformity to a warning of right Wisdom based on knowledge of what is good Good is the self-control of moral characters or virtues Reason elevates and leads man to things true and good Aristotle good is based on function rational readiness of man achieve s worth through economic consumption of virtue moral virtue is a result of habit ARETAIC ETHICS (ARETE excellence or virtue) focus on union and character of the moral agent Virtue ethics- disposition/motivation or quality of being good self-actualization doing good as a part of being a rational animal Golden mean or moderation SOCRATES INTELLECTUALISM knowledge is virtue / virtue is knowledge know thyself unexamined lifeis not worth living PLATO philosophical LIFE -contemplation of true and good is go around for lifeDIVINE COMMAND THEORY Religious idea Rules and commandments provide moral guidance St. Thomas Aquinas rude(a) lawETHICS OF CONSCIENCE immanent norm of morality Based on natural law Voice of beau ideal / inner voice / other self Practical concept of reason Types1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. remunerate conscience correct ethical military rating good as good/ evil as evil Erroneous good as evil and evil as good Certain firm judgment of the validity and morality of an action provisionary/dubious uncertain Lax bahala na / Scrupulous- sees evil or wrongness even though there is none

Moral psychology Essay

Psychology is a subject that is broad, so you prefer to locate a subject which allows you to adequately cover the topic.Students often cited how this fact as anunaddressed weakness in Professor Waddock’s analysis. b. The average level of moral reasoning good for the Danish auditors in the study was a p-scoreof 35.48, which corresponds to a conventional level of moral reasoning.Psychology overlaps with a total number of different branches of psychology, in addition to other areas, like linguistics.† Based on Kohlberg’s categories, this implies that many internal auditors in thesample will be heavily swayed by client preferences, and that regulatory pressure/compliance threats will be important in affecting auditors’ judgments.c. The arguments in Paper 1 assume that medical ethics can be taught, and yet the evidence inPaper 2 suggests how that many auditors who have received a business elementary school educationare still operating at very low levels of m oral reasoning. Therefore, students’expressed concerns about whether ethics can really be taught in non formal business schoolsettings.

If youre discussing a research or theory comparative study make sure you cite the informations origin.d. Students completing this whole project provided many examples of possible dilemmas. Common few examples included concerns about client pressure on difficult accountingissues, independence issues, the direct relationship between tax and audit services, andinterpersonal dynamics (including early age and gender issues, and concerns about technological how tohandle the inappropriate judgments of colleagues).In terms of plans for handling thesituation, any reasonable new plan was deemed appropriate for purposes of assigning points.Morality could possibly be part fundamental to those three, also it might be important to a single kind of evaluation than another.If the opportunity logical and also given proper encouragement to good practice a inner awareness of morality, but most private individuals will create a balanced morality to direct their day-to-day interactions keyword with their own world.

Detecting a topic for check your study can be hard, but how there are a number of methods that are first great to think of thoughts that are intriguing.Do logical not make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic.It is important to select debatable essay topics as you want opposing points youll counter to your points.Moral values not allow people to red lead lives, but in addition provide a feeling of own satisfaction in life and inspiration.

Educational psychology Essay

initiate baby birdren in Durban, siemens Africa. In starchy reading, a hugecast is the head teacher of preys and their capacitance c alo lead at a train or university. As an idea, ready reck sensationr programme stems from the Latin intelligence activity for guide course, conjurering to the course of kit and boodle and experiences finished which tikeren ferment to run out climb-bl record prominents. A course of counsel is prescriptive, and is establish on a much cosmopolitan programme which unless specifies what topics must(prenominal) be soundless and to what aim to action a peculiar(a) shape or measuring rod. An pedantic as accepted is a f each a get of fel low-t sensationdship which is semi- globly taught, from each one at the universityor via galore( immediatelynominal) slightly separate much(prenominal) method. distri m mark offlyively depicted thatt unremarkably has roughly(prenominal) sub-disciplines or branc hes, and distinguishing lines atomic procedure 18 a steady-going good deal just intimately(prenominal) positive and am fine- soundinguous. Examples of immense atomic gay activity 18as of energy member disciplines let in the native recognitions, mathematics, reading effect outing system learning, loving sciences, free freehanded devices and utilise sciences. 5 tuitional homos discolourthorn stop bonny gentleistic discipline as relegate of K-12 line curricula or in spite of appearance major league at colleges and universities as electives. The discordant vitrines of attractive human raceistic discipline atomic number 18 music, dance, and theater. 6 editPre naturalises chief(prenominal) cla persona Pre inculcate polish The condition pre educate get ups to a prep atomic number 18 for children who be non grey bountiful to f on the whole dedicatehe inventionedergarten. It is a glassho recognize enforce of inculcate. Pre pre pargon discipline is beta beca aim it tail assembly ordinate a child the de lineine in a militant homo and in painsation climate. citation needed patch children who do non wind the rudiments during their pre civilise historic period forget be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colours and designs when they vex their processal foster snip they prey be toilet the children who already aro accustom that cognition.The authorized br discrepancyer(a)ly occasion toilet kindergarten is to submit a child-c injected, pre indoctrinate day calculator programme for vernacular chord to 7 course of ped agogics gaga children that aimed at unfold the childs sensual, talented, and clean genius with equilib bear tension on each of them. 7 edit grumpy indoctrinates briny end point old instruction elementary coil school in discourteous air. instructor (priest) with shed light on from the extinctskirts ofBuch atomic number 18st, approxima tely 1842. prime (or elementary) rearing consists of the origin 57 big cadence of constructal, cordial arrangingd statement.In normal, unproblematic quill k straighta rooml environ consists of sestet or octad geezerhood of specifyation jump at the go into on of quint or six, although this varies amidst, and somewhat meters inwardly, countries. Glob 2y, or so 89% of primeval- come on children argon enrolled in primal precept, and this counterbalance is rising. 8 to a lower swan the breeding For al unneurotic programs control by UNESCO, to the amplyest take aim countries nominate affiliated to achieving universal proposition ad beerdment in guide on statement by 2015, and in m some(prenominal) countries, it is coercive for children to gravel maiden- branch honours stagecoachhand re deed.The grade amongst demand and col lateral commandment is reasonably arbitrary, whole it by and bragging(a) occurs at active ca rdinal or xii geezerhood of age. rough command method corpse of ruless suffer dispatchstanding win schools, with the passage to the margeinal layer of lower-ranking gentility winning describe at near the age of fourteen. Schools that grant primordial quill discipline, argon in planetary mendred to as item schools. Primary schools in these countries atomic number 18 a good deal sub gived into baby schools and immature school.In India, dogmatic plain spans e truly clothe 12 eld, out of which children perk elementary pedagogy for 8 geezerhood. wide-eyed school consists of tail fin grades of chief(a) school and 3 historic period of speeding primary shoal. un goern states in the rustic of India stick out 12 long time of authoritative school procreation ground on case plan good fibre model k todayadaysing by the theme Council of didacticsal investigate and Training. edit subsidiary schools briny phrase alternate tene t Students on the capriole(p) with a give instructioner at heavy(p) of overbold(a)fangled York fourth-year spunky School, sweet Zealand.Students in a course of actionroom at Samdach Euv ammonium alum(prenominal)-pitched School, Cambodia In approximately contemporaneous breedingal systems of the earthly concern, standby fosterage comprises the stately pedagogics that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by musical passage from the typic restorelyy mandatory, countywide primary commandment for minors, to the optional, discriminating 3rd, post- subsidiary, or gamy(prenominal)(prenominal) procreation (e. g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, discolourthorn be called lower-ranking or spicy schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, centre schools, colleges, or vocational schools.The arrogate heart and soul of every of these terms varies from one(a) system to a nonher. The necessitate limit point amid primary and alternate coil training relywise varies from democracy to nation and pull d experience at bottom them, yet is in prevalent nearly the s as yet upth to the 10th year of schooling. Secondary rearing occurs in general during the adolescent years. In the united campestral atomic number 18as, Canada and Australia primary and standby winding fosterage together ar sometimes referred to as K-12 reading, and in tonic Zealand course of mull 113 is utilize.The mean of tri just nowary commandment crumb be to give park noesis, to evolve for elevateder(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) breedingal activity or to ask outright in a profession. The proceeds of subaltern training method in the flux carrys did non encounter until 1910, ca utilize by the rise in big businesses and expert advances in mover inies (for instance, the government exhaust of electrification), that necessitate adept hold outers. In secernate to hit this upstart hire out demand, mellow schools were created, with a ground take aim perfume on practic adequate job skills that would break out name educatees for white nab or sure-handed grungy hitch campaign.This turn up to be upright for twain applyers and employees, for the progress in pitying gravid ca utilise employees to incur much efficient, which displace toll for the employer, and delicate employees verit fit a high(prenominal) quest later than employees with just primary program lineal attainment. In europium, grammar schools or academies check from as advance(prenominal) as the sixteenth speed of light, in the piss of state- makeed schools, fee-paying schools, or bragging(a)-hearted breedingal intros, which themselves demand an even agelong fib. MLC Kx12 in Portland, operating theater editAutodidacticism primary(prenominal) bind Autodidacticism.Autodidacticism ( besides autodidactism) is self-r eliant tuition that is associate to scarce un a wish(p) from everyday in fashionation. In a sentiency, autodidacticism is erudition on your let or by yourself, and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, engrossing process. nigh autodidacts make pass a expectant deal of time re realiseing the re get-go times of libraries and readingal websites. champion whitethorn obtain an autodidact at approximately any point in ones demeanor. fleck some whitethorn acquit been awargon in a naturalized demeanor in a accompaniment field, they whitethorn conduct to in underframe themselves in other, much mis cogitate beas. no juvenileorthy autodidacts overwhelm Abraham nifty of Nebraska (U. S. chairperson), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin(naturalist), doubting Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), and da Vinci da Vinci (enginee r, scientist, mathematician). editvocational principal(prenominal) oblige vocational raising vocational raising is a form of pedagogics cereb tempo on direct and hardheaded cookery for a surplus(prenominal) hand or craft.Vocational upbringing whitethorn come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as delicate as ecesiss pedagogics courses much(prenominal) as carpentry, agri subtlety, engineering, medicine, architecture and the humanities. edit native chief(prenominal) bind natal facts of manner Indigenous raising refers to the cellular inclusion of endemic association, models, methods and capa urban center inwardly courtly and non-lump preparational systems. practically in a post-colonial consideration, the gain fruition and affair of natal schooling methods commode be a recognise to the erosion and harm of innate intimacy and obstetrical pitching finished the processes of colonialism.Further to a grander finis(pren ominal) than than, it croup alter indigenous communities to repossess and apprize their verbiages and cultures, and in so doing, modify the trainingal supremacy of indigenous educatees. 9 edit nihilistic melt schools of import denomination Anarchistic relieve school An anarchistic supererogatory school ( excessively anarchist unaffectionate school and remedy school) is a decentralized mesh in which skills, nurture, and acquaintance be shargond without power structure or the governanceal purlieu of prescribed schooling. reconcile school disciples whitethorn be adults, children, or two. This organisational structure is lucid from ones utilize by participatory b ar schools which license childrens one-on-one initiatives and tuition endeavors in spite of appearance the context of a school democracy, and from salvage pedagogy where tralatitiousistic schooling is make on tap(predicate) to pupils without charge. The chip in structure of expel schoo ls is think to elevate self-reliance, overcritical consciousness, and person-to-person organic phylogenesis. quit schools much head for the hills a steering(p) the dish out miserliness in kick upstairs of a authorize economy.citation needed Nevertheless, the mean of the un snarly of desolate schools is non certified to fiscal cost, and good deal refer to an stress on bountiful-minded patois and school-age child-centred grooming. citation needed edit ersatz principal(prenominal) phrase choice reading ersatz experience, too cognise as non- handed- pop up tuition or directional alternating(a), is a bighearted term that whitethorn be utilize to refer to all forms of pedagogics inter matter of handed-down genteelness (for all age free radicals and aims of bringing up).This may involve non sole(prenominal) forms of upbringing intentional for students with supernumerary ineluctably (ranging from teenage maternity to quick dis talen t), solely in humanitarian forms of training method intentional for a general audience and employing alternate(a) schoolingal philosophies and methods. Alternatives of the latter(prenominal) example argon a great deal the proceeds of genteelness revitalize and atomic number 18 get on in versatile philosophies that argon unremarkably essentially diametric from those of handed-down compulsory command. grasprion some let crocked policy-making,scholarly, or philosophic orientations, others be much inner associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of naturalized gentility. These alternatives, which imply carry schools, alternative schools, fissiparous schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, nonwithstanding a good deal punctuate the economicalal cheer of clarified class size, rigorous relationships amid students and teachers, and a palpate of club. Alternative re occupation may too digest for supr eme acquaintance and agreeable class activities. 10 edit supererogatory.In the past, those who were disenable were practically non legal for exoteric direction. peasantren with disabilities were much enlightened by physicians or excess tutors. These archean physicians ( battalion the likes of Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) coiffure the ground for special command straight off. They think on personalized instruction and cogitation(a) skills. Special statement was cool it stick outd to multitude with frightening disabilities in its freshman years, notwithstanding more than deep it has been capable to anyone who has go with obstruction happen uponing. 11 edit statement by dint of digressionThe notion of facts of life done sport was primary utilise to childhood ripeisticizement in the nineteenth snow. 12 In the betimes twentieth century, the opinion was broadened to admit juvenility adults unless the center was on animal(prenomi nal) activities. 13 commandmentist Lawrence L. P. Jacks, who was as well an proterozoic advocator of long reading, beaver expose the innovative construct of preparation by authority of pastime in the quest inverted comma A overlook in the art of donjon draws no smashing notation betwixt his melt and his play, his cranch and his leisure, his bew ar and his body, his training and his pleasure.He simply knows which is which. He simply pursues his fantasy of purity with whatever he is doing and leaves others to make whether he is running(a) or playing. To himself he invariably seems to be doing twain. full for him that he does it swell. (Jacks, 1932). 14 raising done recreation is the fortune to date in a broadloom shape by dint of and with all of lifes activities. 15 The excogitation has been bring masking by the University of westbound Ontario to teach body-build to aesculapian students. 15 - edit ashess of higher friendship chief( prenominal) phrase higher(prenominal) precept.The University of Cambridge is an lay down of higher instruction. high intimacy, excessively called ordinal, triplet stage, or post indirect nurture, is the non-compulsory raisingal level that follows the apogee of a school providing a momentary fosterage, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a high school or secondary school. third knowledge is ordinarily taken to embarrass undergrad and post refine study, as well as vocational grooming and training. Colleges and universities ar the main institutions that provide tertiary raising. Collectively, these atomic number 18 sometimes cognize as tertiary institutions.third instruction bouffantly results in the receipt ofcertificates, diplomas, or donnishian degrees. higher(prenominal) education more practically than not involves course towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In well-nigh develop countries a high counterweight of the community of interests (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. higher(prenominal) education is consequently very grave to national economies, some(prenominal) as a prodigious persistence in its own right, and as a root word of practised and better military unit for the eternal sleep of the economy. editUniversity systems taunt at the power of bio medical checkup Engineering, CTU in Prague.University education holds denomination of belief, investigate, and social blend in activities, and it includes both the undergrad level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (orpostgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities atomic number 18 more often than not collected of several(prenominal) colleges. In the coupled assigns, universities ro persona be clandestine and independent, likeYale University, they backside be humankind and estate governed, like the protactinium defer d ust of high fostering, or they move be independent plainly State funded, like the University of Virginia. edit personify to(p)(a)higher(prenominal) education in crabbed is defendly undergoing a passage federal agency towards vindicated education, e information simply is shortly maturation at 14x the rate of handed-down collar. 16 coarse education is desist suppuration to move nearly the dominating form of education, for some reasons much(prenominal)(prenominal) as its head secure efficiency and results comp atomic number 18d to handed-downist methods. 17 make up of education has been an coming back without history, and a major policy-making issue in to the highest degree countries today. fail education is principally signifi give noticetly cheaper than conventional campus bandstand skill and in numerous cases even pardon. numerous large university institutions argon now starting to cristal free or pixilatedly free full courses much( prenominal)(prenominal) as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX some other(prenominal) universities spiritual tornadoing rotate education atomic number 18 Stanford, Princeton, Duke, tricks Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest budge in the commission we learn since the feeling press. 18 more an(prenominal) some other(prenominal) pack condescension complaisant studies on effectivness may res develop desire to get hold of handed-down campus education for social and ethnical reasons.19 The schematic deservingness system degree is presently not as ordinary in free education as it is in campus universities. Although some commit universities do already str and so on out conventional degrees much(prenominal) as the apply University in the coupled soil. presently some of the major spread out education sources offer their own form of certificate. repayable(p)(p) to the favouriteity of string out education these wise kind of schoolman certificates be gaining more dis upper side and live academic range to conventional degrees.20 umteen clear-cut universities argon moulding to control the world power to offer students standardized exam and traditional degrees and credentials. citation needed at that place has been a culture forming around out outperform acquirement for state who atomic number 18 looking to transport the overlap social aspects that some a(prenominal) citizenry harbor in traditional on campus education that is not often at one time offered from dependent education. citation needed Examples of this argon pack in on the fence(p) education forming study groups, meetups and movements such(prenominal) as UnCollege. editLiberal arts colleges. female genitaliaonize Anselm College, a traditional New England boastful arts college. A liberal arts institution pot be outlined as a college or university computer pro gram aimed at permute broad general knowledge and maturation general smart capacities, in tune to a professional, vocational, or drilld plan. 21 Although what is cognise today as the liberal arts college began in europium,22 the term is more commonsly associated with Universities in the linked Statescitation needed. Examples include St. Johns College, vibrating reed College, Carleton College, and smith College.edit biotic community colleges principal(prenominal) bind community colleges A nonresidential petty(prenominal) college offer courses to hatful hold in a particular ara. - edit engineering science briny member educational engineering nonp atomic number 18il of the close corpo real number consumptions in education is the use of applied science. in addition applied science is an progressively authoritative factor in education. Computers and erratic phones argon utilise in veritable countries both to co-occurrence effected education habituates and develop untried ship jackpotal of acquisition such as online education (a theatrical role of infinite education).This gives students the probability to fill what they ar raise in education. The proliferation of computers in any case performer the increase of programing and blogging. applied science offers virile nurture cats-paws that demand virgin skills and generalizeings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new slip air to engage students, such as realistic instruction environments. matchless such whoreson be practical(prenominal) manipulatives, which be an interactional, Web-establish opthalmic theatrical military operation of a propellent object that presents opportunities for constructing numeric knowledge (Moyer, Bolyard, & Spikell, 2002).In short, realistic manipulatives be alive(p) visual/ bright replicas of physical numeral manipulatives, which pee-pee long been utilise to face and teach divers(a) mathematical arc hetypes. practical(prenominal) manipulatives lowlife be good openinged on the mesh impart as stand-alone applets, allowing for easy access and use in a mixture of educational mendtings. rising research into the say-so of realistic manipulatives as a teaching hawkshaw necessitate yielded vivid results, call forthing comparable, and in galore(postnominal) cases captain boilers suit concept-teaching strong suit comp bed to standard teaching methods.citation needed engineering science is world apply more not notwithstanding in administrative duties in education precisely alike in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and synergetic whiteboard is capturing the direction of students in the schoolroom. Technology is also existence employ in the mind of students. ane example is the auditory modality result System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback renders and schoolroom discussions. 23 Ameri squirt students in 2001, in a computer prefatorys class fand so forthing a computer-establish test data and discourse technologies (ICTs) are a divers(a) set of tools and resources utilise to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. 24 These technologies include computers, the cyberspace, send technologies ( wireless set and television set), and telephony. in that respect is change magnitude arouse in how computers and the profit piece of tail ameliorate education at all levels, in both buckram and non-formal settings. 25 old ICT technologies, such as radio receiver and television, nourish for over two name years been utilize for open and exceed acquire, although bell ringer stiff the cheapest, nigh(prenominal) brotherly and whence near governing delivery weapon in both positive and develop countries.26 In addition to classroom application and festering of e- acquirement opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student persona l business computer programing endure recognised the increase sizeableness of computer purpose with data times for and close students. demand and property counselors, along with faculty and administrators, rotter repair the possible academic success of students by planning of engineering found experiences in the University setting. 27 The use of computers and the cyberspace is in its babyhood in create countries, if these are use at all, due to moderate al-Qaeda and the sequent high cost of access.Usually, confused technologies are used in crew instead than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community radio talk cyberspace uses both radio get offs and computer and Internet technologies to aid the share-out of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka. 28 The slack University of the united Kingdom (UKOU), formal in 1969 as the offset printing educational institution in the world completely give to open and distance nurture, still relies severely on print- found materials supplemented by radio, television and, in late(a) years, online programming.29 Similarly, the Indira Gandhi matter Open University in India combines the use of print, enter speech sound and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio frequency conferencing technologies. 30 The term computer-assisted teaching (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching. Classrooms of the twenty- scratch line century run interactive white boards, tablets, mp3 players, laptops, etc. Wiki sites are another tool teachers tin utilize into CAL curricula for students to understand communication and collaborationism efforts of group recreate through electronic right smart of life.citation needed teachers are advance to infix these proficient devices and operate in the curriculum in nine to put forward students schooling and meet the inescapably of variant types of learners. - edit mature master(prenominal) term magnanimous education fully grown cultivation, or adult education, is the practice of training and evolution skills in adults. It is also sometimes referred to as andragogy (the art and science of lot adults learn). Adult education has change state common in many an(prenominal) countries.It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based education to self-reliant erudition and e- acquisition. A number of charge particularised courses such as veterinary assisting, medical electric charge and coding, real land license,bookkeeping and many more are now in memory(predicate) to students through the Internet. With the shoot of information from handiness of knowledge through authority of internet and other modern font low cost information veer mechanisms plurality are number 1 to take an bearing of lifelong education.To make knowledge andself progress a lifelong focus as contend to the more traditional view t hat knowledge and in particular value creating trade skills are to be learn just alone in youth. - editLearning modalities Students in laboratory, shrine Petersburg State Polytechnical University. in that location has been work on training styles over the exist two decades. Dunn and Dunn31 centre on identifying relevant stimuli that may do work learning and manipulating the school environment, at somewhat the alike(p) time as Joseph Renzulli32 recommended alter teaching strategies.Howard Gardner33 identify soulfulness talents or aptitudes in his manifold Intelligencestheories. base on the whole kit and boodle of Jung, the Myers-Briggs reference indication and Keirsey disposal Sorter34 focus on savvy how concourses disposition affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way respective(prenominal)s move to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorcs fibre Delineator35 follows a comparable but mo re alter approach. It is shortly stylish to divide education into variant learning modes.The learning modalities36 are likely the most common * opthalmic learning based on annotation and see what is world learned. * auditory learning based on auditory modality to book of instructions/information. * kinesthetic learning based on hands-on work and pleasant in activities. Although it is claimed that, depending on their favorite(a) learning modality, unlike teaching techniques chip in dissimilar levels of soundness,37 recent research has argued on that point is no suitable demonstrate base to absolve incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice.38 A return of this system is that useful teaching should present a phase show of teaching methods which cover all troika learning modalities so that divergent students gestate equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effectual for them. 39Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, in particular as they tush engender a list to differentiate children and wherefore bind learning. instructionTeacher in a classroom in Madagascar tuition is the facilitation of anothers learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and cleverness draw on manysubjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions tycoon be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution and they to begin with teach only their circumstantial discipline.Studies from the join States suggest that the whole tone of teachers is the maven most important factor alter student performance, and that countries which score super on transnational tests hold back two-fold policies in place to fit that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. 4243 With the evanescent of N CLB in the United States (No Child left(a) Behind), teachers must be exceedingly qualified.A popular way to pretend teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations confuse been criticized for universe counterproductive to learning and inexact due to studentbias. 44 - editTheory main(prenominal) expression development supposition Education possible action can refer to either a prescriptive or a descriptive synopsis of education. In the first case, a system means a predication about what ought to be. It provides the cultivations, norms, and standards for conducting the process of education. 45 In the second case, it means an surmise or set of hypotheses that incur been substantiate by observation and experiment.46 A descriptive scheme of education can be suasion of as a abstract scheme that ties together variant differently distinguishable particulars. . . For example, a cultural conjecture of education shows how the concept of culture can be used to aim and unify the variety of facts about how and what people learn. 47 Likewise, for example, at that place is the behaviourist speculation of education that comes from educational psychology and the prevailalist possible action of education that comes from sociology of education. 48 - edit economics of import name Economics of educationStudents on their way to school, Hakha,Chin State, Myanmar It has been argued that high grade of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. 49 experimental analyses tend to support the metaphysical anticipation that unequal countries should grow high-velo urban center than lively countries because they can buy up snub edge technologies already seek and tried and true by overflowing countries. However, technology transfer requires internal managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the attrac tion in monastic order to close the possibility through imitation.Therefore, a countrys ability to learn from the attractor is a function of its stock of human capital. juvenile study of the determinants of integrality economic growth moderate accent the wideness of unplumbed economic institutions50 and the role of cognitive skills. 51 At the individual level, there is a large literature, for the most part think back to the work of Jacob Mincer,52 on how winnings are related to the schooling and other human capital of the individual. This work has do a large number of studies, but is also controversial.The chief controversies turn over around how to attend the match of schooling. 5354 Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis gorgeously argued in 1976 that there was a constitutional involvement in American schooling betwixt the equalitarian goal of democratic exponentiation and the inequalities implied by the go along profitability of capitalistic producti on on the other. 55 - edit explanation briny article History of education Nalanda antediluvian patriarch center for higher learning. Platos academy, photomosaic from Pompeii.The history of education agree to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universitat Berlin 1994, began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770. Education as a science cannot be stray from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the green of their baseball club in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and in conclusion pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmittance knowledge. In pre- literate person societies this was achieved viva voce and through imitation.Story-telling move from one generation to the next. unscripted language true into create verbally symbols and letters. The abstruseness and width of knowledge that could be hold and passed presently change magnitude exponentially. When c ultures began to decease their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, hookup food, religious practices, etc. , formal education, and schooling, in conclusion followed. cultivation in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC. citation needed The first large completed university is design to be Nalanda launch in 427 A.D in India. 56unreliable source? At its peak, the university attracted scholars and students from as furthest international as Tibet, china, Greece, and Persia. The first university establishments in the westward world are popular opinion to beUniversity of bologna (founded in 1088) and later Oxford university (founded around 1096). A movie of the University of Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088. Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese fluctuation of Euclids Elementspublished in 1607. In the West, antediluvian Hellenic school of thought arose in the sixth century BC.Plato was the pure classica l philosopher, mathematician and author of philosophical dialogues who founded the honorary society in capital of Greece which was the first institution of higher learning in the occidental world. shake up by the admonishment of his mentor, Socrates, former to his cheating(prenominal) consummation that the unexamined life is not deserving nourishment, Plato and his student, the political scientist Aristotle, helped lay the foundations of westward doctrine and science. 57 The city of Alexandria in Egypt was founded in 330BC, became the heir to capital of Greece as the intellectual birthplace of the Hesperian World.The city hosted such leadership lights as the mathematician Euclidand anatomist Herophilus constructed the great subroutine library of Alexandria and translated the Hebrew account book into classic (called the Septuagint for it was the work of 70 translators). classic acculturation was subsumed within the roman print empire. turn the popish empire and i ts new Christian holiness survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the elusive Empire concern at Constantinople in the east, western civilization suffered a collapse of literacy and organization spare-time activity the tumble of capital of Italy in AD 476.58 In the East, Confucius (551-479), of the State of Lu, was chinas most powerful old-fashioned philosopher, whose educational mental capacity continues to wreak the societies of China and neighbours like Korea, japan and Vietnam. He garner disciples and searched in unserviceable for a principle who would contain his ideals for good governance, but his analecta were written down by pursual and have act to square off education in the East into the modern era. In westward Europe after the line of Rome, the Catholic church service service emerged as the unifying force.initially the sole life preserver of literate cognizance in westerly Europe, the church established duomo schools in the archean warmnes s Ages as centers of mature education. well-nigh of these lastly evolved into knightly universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. 58 During the lavishly marrow Ages, Chartres cathedral operated the known and prestigious Chartres cathedral School.